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Pomatomus saltatrix (Linnaeus, 1766)

Bluefish
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Pomatomus saltatrix   AquaMaps   Data sources: GBIF OBIS
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Pomatomus saltatrix
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Australia country information

Common names: Bluefish, Choppers, Elf
Occurrence: native
Salinity: brackish
Abundance: abundant (always seen in some numbers) | Ref: Kailola, P.J., M.J. Williams, P.C. Stewart, R.E. Reichelt, A. McNee and C. Grieve, 1993
Importance: minor commercial | Ref: Kailola, P.J., M.J. Williams, P.C. Stewart, R.E. Reichelt, A. McNee and C. Grieve, 1993
Aquaculture: never/rarely | Ref: Kailola, P.J., M.J. Williams, P.C. Stewart, R.E. Reichelt, A. McNee and C. Grieve, 1993
Regulations: restricted | Ref: Kailola, P.J., M.J. Williams, P.C. Stewart, R.E. Reichelt, A. McNee and C. Grieve, 1993
Uses: gamefish: yes;
Comments: Inhabit coastal waters of all Australian states except the Northern Territory, being distributed from the northern tip of Fraser Island in Queensland to Onslow in Western Australia. Catches of tailor are much less common in Tasmanian and western Victorian waters than off the east and west coasts, and they are rare in South Australia and the Great Australian Bight. Stock structure: Electrophoretic studies on tailor have shown that the genetic variation between fish sampled from the eastern and western coasts of Australia is significant and the 2 groups should be considered as separate genetic stocks (Ref. 27688). Tagging studies in Queensland and New South Wales waters indicate that tailor from Sydney north are part of a single stock, but more research is needed to confirm the stock status of fish from southern New South Wales and Victoria. Commercial fishery: The major fishing grounds for tailor are on the east coast. In most years more than half the total Australian catch is taken in Queensland waters, particularly from North Stradbroke, Moreton and Fraser islands. Most of the Queensland catch is landed on the beaches of those islands using beach seines, although a small quantity is caught from estuaries using gillnets. The highest catches are taken from June to September, coinciding with the northern migration of tailor to the waters of Fraser Island. In New South Wales, tailor is not a major target species. A considerable quantity is taken incidentally in gillnets from Lake Macquarie and Sydney (Port Jackson and Botany Bay) and some catches are also taken with beach seines from northern New South Wales waters in late winter (Ref. 27112). In Victoria, tailor are a small component of catches in the eastern bay and inlet fisheries, with the bulk of landings coming from the Gippsland Lakes. Gillnets and beach seines are the main methods used in these fisheries. Tailor is a minor commercial species in Western Australia. Most of the catch are adult fish taken in the Shark Bay area using beach seines, and the remaining catch consists mainly of 'choppers' (fish less than 35 cm TL) caught from the Peel-Harvey estuary using gillnets. The tailor catch is sold on domestic markets, mostly as fresh and chilled product although some of the catch is smoked. If marketing delays cause deterioration in quality the catch is sold to pet food canners. Recreational fishery: Tailor is one of the most popular angling species in Queensland, New South Wales and Western Australia. Estimates of the recreational tailor catch in Queensland indicate that anglers take more fish than commercial operators, especially from Fraser Island beaches (Ref. 27747). Recaptures of tailor tagged in New South Wales ocean waters were higher for recreational fishers than for the commercial sector, although estuarine recaptures were taken mainly by net fishers. A survey of anglers in Western Australia produced an estimate that 86,000 people fished for tailor in 1987 (Ref. 27695). The largest tailor recorded by the Australian Anglers Association weighed 12.1 kg and was caught near Shark Bay in Western Australia. Anglers mainly fish for tailor using rod-and-line from beaches or rock platforms, using whole baits of pilchard or sea garfish. The baits are presented on 3 or 4 hooks joined or 'ganged' together and weighted with lead sinker for beach fishing and usually unweighted for rock fishing. The use of metal lured or 'spinners' is also popular with anglers fishing from rocks and beaches. Resource status: Reports of reduced catch rates for recreational fishers have caused some concern about the status of Australian tailor stocks, particularly in Western Australia (Ref. 27695). However, commercial catch levels have remained relatively stable over the past 20 years. More research is needed to determine the sustainability of the prevailing catch levels (both commercial and recreational). Also Ref. 52790.
National Checklist:
Country Information: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/as.html
National Fisheries Authority: http://www.csiro.au/
Occurrences: Occurrences Point map
Main Ref: Kailola, P.J., M.J. Williams, P.C. Stewart, R.E. Reichelt, A. McNee and C. Grieve, 1993
National Database:

Common names from other countries

Tassergal, Anjova, Луфарь, ... more

分类 / Names 俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes(属, 种) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa

Teleostei > Scombriformes (Mackerels) > Pomatomidae (Bluefishes)
Etymology: Pomatomus: Greek, poma, -atos = cover, operculum + Greek, tomos = portion (Ref. 45335).
  More on author: Linnaeus.

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range 生态学

海洋; 半咸淡水; 海洋洄游的 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 0 - 200 m (Ref. 54708).   亞熱帶的; 53°N - 44°S, 98°W - 180°E

分布 国家 | FAO区域 | 生态系 | 标本纪录 | Point map | 简介 | Faunafri

Circumglobal: In tropical to subtropical waters; except the eastern Pacific (Ref. 33390). Eastern Atlantic: Portugal to South Africa, including the Mediterranean and Black Sea, Madeira, and the Canary Islands. Western Atlantic: Canada and Bermuda to Argentina (Ref. 7251). Indian Ocean: along the coast of East Africa, Madagascar, southern Oman, southwest India, the Malay Peninsula, and Western Australia (Ref. 11441). Southwest Pacific: Australia except the Northern Territory, and New Zealand (Ref. 11441). Absent from eastern Pacific and northwest Pacific. Barely entering the Western Central Pacific region. Records from the Northern Territory, Australia and from Indonesia appear to be erroneous (Ref. 9860). Occurrence in Taiwan (Ref. 5193) and Hawaii (Ref. 4517) need verification.
所有的海洋除東太平洋。 (參考文獻 33390) 東大西洋: 葡萄牙到南非，包括地中海與黑海，馬得拉群島, 與加納利群島。 西大西洋: 加拿大與百慕達群島到阿根廷.(參考文獻 7251) 印度洋: 沿著東非，馬達加斯加，阿曼南方，印度西南部的海岸，馬來半島與西澳大利亞。 (參考文獻 11441) 西南太平洋: 澳洲除北部地區 , 與紐西蘭。 (參考文獻 11441) 東太平洋與西北太平洋沒有出現。 幾乎進入中西太平洋區域。 記錄從澳洲北部地區而且從印尼狀似錯誤的.(參考文獻 9860) 在台灣 (參考文獻 5193) 與夏威夷 (參考文獻 4517) 的發生需要確認。

Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄

Maturity: Lm 30.0  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 130 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 11441); common length : 60.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 3482); 最大体重: 14.4 kg (Ref. 4699); 最大年龄: 14 年 (Ref. 128525)

简单描述 型态特徵 | 形态测量图

背棘 (总数): 8 - 9; 背的软条 (总数): 23-28; 臀棘 2-3; 臀鳍软条: 23 - 27. Jaw teeth prominent, sharp, compressed, in a single series. Two dorsal fins, the first short and low, with 7 or 8 feeble spines connected by a membrane. Back greenish, sides and belly silvery (Ref. 9860).
颌齿突出的，锐利的，和扁长形的, 成单一列。 二个背鳍, 第一个短与低的,7 或者 8个弱棘连接经由一个膜。 背面呈绿色的, 侧边与腹面银色的.(参考文献 9860) 臀鳍长的, 有两个棘与 23-27个软鳍条.(参考文献 26938)

生物学特性     字汇 (例如 epibenthic)

Occur in oceanic and coastal waters (Ref. 26340). They are most common along surf beaches and rock headlands in clean, high energy waters, although adults can also be found in estuaries and into brackish water (Ref. 6492). Small fish may be found in shallow coastal waters at least 2 m depth (Ref. 9563), in schools pursuing and attacking small fishes (Ref. 9626). Adults are in loose groups, often attacking shoals of mullets or other fishes and destroying numbers apparently far in excess of feeding requirements (Ref. 9860). Feed on other fish (Ref. 5377), crustaceans and cephalopods (Ref. 47377). Associated with sharks and billfishes (Ref. 26340). Voracious and aggressive (Ref. 9626), reported to bite when handled. Migrate to warmer water during winter and to cooler water in summer (Ref. 9987). Popular game fish (Ref. 6638). Good food fish; marketed mostly fresh (Ref. 9860), but also dried or salted (Ref. 5284), and frozen (Ref. 9987).

出现于大洋性的与沿岸水域.(参考文献 26340) 他们是最常见的在清澈又生产力高的水域中沿着海滩浪花区与岩石海角, 虽然成鱼也能被发现于河口与进入半淡咸水之内.(参考文献 6492) 小鱼可能被发现于沿岸浅水区至少 2 公尺深 (参考文献 9563), 成群追逐和攻击小鱼.(参考文献 9626) 成鱼在松散的鱼群中, 时常攻击乌鱼或者其他的鱼的鱼群而且破坏超过显然远的摄取食物的需求的数字.(参考文献 9860) 吃其他的鱼 (参考文献 5377) ，甲壳动物与头足类动物。 (参考文献 47377) 伴随着鲨鱼与青旗鱼了。 (参考文献 26340) 一个狼吞虎咽与侵略性种 (参考文献 9626), 报告咬被触摸时。 在夏天在冬天期间对较热的水与对较冷的水域回游。 (参考文献 9987) 受欢迎的游钓鱼类.(参考文献 6638) 好食用鱼; 生鲜地 (参考文献 9860) 大部份在市场上销售, 也乾燥或盐腌 (参考文献 5284), 与冷冻.(参考文献 9987)

Life cycle and mating behavior 成熟度 | 繁殖 | 产卵场 | 卵 | 孕卵数 | 仔鱼

Fecundity varies from 400,000 to 2,000,000 eggs depending on the size of the individual (ranging from 370,000 in a 31 cm fish to 1,240,000 in a 54 cm fish) (Ref. 27695). Tailor are serial spawners (Ref. 6390).所有的海洋除東太平洋。 (參考文獻 33390) 東大西洋: 葡萄牙到南非，包括地中海與黑海，馬得拉群島, 與加納利群島。 西大西洋: 加拿大與百慕達群島到阿根廷.(參考文獻 7251) 印度洋: 沿著東非，馬達加斯加，阿曼南方，印度西南部的海岸，馬來半島與西澳大利亞。 (參考文獻 11441) 西南太平洋: 澳洲除北部地區 , 與紐西蘭。 (參考文獻 11441) 東太平洋與西北太平洋沒有出現。 幾乎進入中西太平洋區域。 記錄從澳洲北部地區而且從印尼狀似錯誤的.(參考文獻 9860) 在台灣 (參考文獻 5193) 與夏威夷 (參考文獻 4517) 的發生需要確認。

主要参考文献 Upload your references | 参考文献 | 合作者 | 合作者

Dooley, J.K., 1990. Pomatomidae. p. 721-722. In J.C. Quero, J.C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post and L. Saldanha (eds.) Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). JNICT, Lisbon; SEI, Paris; and UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 2. (Ref. 9986)

世界自然保护联盟红皮书 (Ref. 130435)

  次级保育类动物, 见 IUCN 红皮书 (VU) (A2bd); Date assessed: 07 July 2014

CITES (Ref. 128078)

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

对人类的威胁

  引起创伤的 (Ref. 27695)




人类利用

渔业: 高经济性; 养殖: 商业性; 游钓鱼种: 是的; 诱饵: usually
FAO(养殖: 产生; 渔业: 产生, 物种外形; publication : search) | FishSource | 周边海洋

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Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 115969): 8.4 - 27.5, mean 21.1 (based on 1273 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804):  PD50 = 1.5000   [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01072 (0.00841 - 0.01366), b=2.97 (2.90 - 3.04), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245).
营养阶层 (Ref. 69278):  4.5   ±0.3 se; based on diet studies.
回复力 (Ref. 120179):  中等的, 族群倍增时间最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.10-0.2; tm=2; tmax=9; Fec=1 million).
Prior r = 0.67, 95% CL = 0.44 - 1.01, Based on 7 stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153):  Moderate vulnerability (42 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref. 125649):  Moderate to high vulnerability (46 of 100).
价格分类 (Ref. 80766):   Very high.