Environment: milieu / climate zone / εύρος βάθους / distribution range
Οικολογία
Θαλασσινό(ά) βενθοπελαγικό; ωκεανόδρομο(ς) (Ref. 51243); εύρος βάθους 100 - 975 m (Ref. 9302), usually 200 - 400 m (Ref. 6181). Subtropical; 55°N - 43°S, 180°W - 180°E (Ref. 6181)
Circumtropical and Circumtemperate
Μέγεθος / Βάρος / Age
Γεννητική Ωρίμανση: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 300 cm TL αρσενικό/απροσδιόριστο; (Ref. 5951); common length : 150 cm SL αρσενικό/απροσδιόριστο; (Ref. 6181); μεγ. δημοσιευμένο βάρος: 63.5 kg (Ref. 4699)
Ραχιαίες άκανθες (συνολικά) : 13 - 15; Μαλακές ραχιαίες ακτίνες (συνολικά) : 15 - 18; Εδρικές άκανθες: 0; Μαλακές εδρικές ακτίνες: 15 - 18; Σπόνδυλοι: 32. Skin very rough, scales interspersed with spinous bony tubercles. Mid-ventral (abdominal) keel on the ventral contour. Body is uniformly brown to dark brown, tips of the pectoral and pelvic fins black, margins of the second dorsal and anal fins white in young specimens.
Body shape (shape guide): elongated; Cross section: compressed.
Usually over the continental shelf, sometimes in oceanic waters down to 800 m (Ref. 9302). Usually solitary or in pairs near the bottom (Ref. 6181). Migrates far offshore (Ref. 26139). Pelagic (Ref. 5951). Feeds on fish, crustaceans and squid (Ref. 6181). The peculiar wooden 'palu' or Ruvettus hook is used to catch this species in south central Pacific (Ref. 6181). The flesh is very oily, with purgative properties, if eaten much (Ref. 6181). Marketed fresh and as fish cakes in Japan (Ref. 9302); also processed into fishmeal (Ref. 5217). Maximum length reported to reach up to 2 m only (Heemstra, pers. comm. 03/03).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Γεννητική Ωρίμανση | Αναπαραγωγή | Γεννοβολία | Αβγά | Γονιμότητα | Προνύμφες
Nakamura, I. and N.V. Parin, 1993. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 15. Snake mackerels and cutlassfishes of the world (families Gempylidae and Trichiuridae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the snake mackerels, snoeks, escolars, gemfishes, sackfishes, domine, oilfish, cutlassfishes,. scabbardfishes, hairtails, and frostfishes known to date. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(15):136 p. (Ref. 6181)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
Threat to humans
Poisonous to eat (Ref. 4690)
Human uses
αλιεία: περιορισμένης εμπορικότητας; αλιεία αναψυχής: ναί
Εργαλεία
Special reports
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Διαδικτυακές πηγές
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Αναφ.
123201): 8.6 - 19, mean 12.9 °C (based on 603 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Αναφ.
82804): PD
50 = 1.0000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00347 (0.00190 - 0.00632), b=3.10 (2.93 - 3.27), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
Τροφικό Επίπεδο (Αναφ.
69278): 4.2 ±0.57 se; based on food items.
Ελαστικότητα (Αναφ.
120179): Χαμηλό, ελάχιστος χρόνος για διπλασιασμό πληθυσμού 4,5 - 14 έτη (Assuming tm>4).
Prior r = 0.28, 95% CL = 0.19 - 0.42, Based on 1 data-limited stock assessment.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (90 of 100).
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Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Moderate vulnerability (38 of 100).
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Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 17.3 [7.8, 32.2] mg/100g; Iron = 0.573 [0.271, 1.108] mg/100g; Protein = 17.7 [15.5, 19.7] %; Omega3 = 0.202 [0.110, 0.353] g/100g; Selenium = 81.8 [36.6, 171.9] μg/100g; VitaminA = 10.3 [3.2, 36.7] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.411 [0.288, 0.611] mg/100g (wet weight);
