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Mulliformes (Goatfishes) >
Mullidae (Goatfishes)
Etymology: Pseudupeneus: Greek, pseudes = false + Peneus, the name of a river.
More on author: Bloch.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / Mức độ sâu / distribution range
Sinh thái học
Biển Cùng sống ở rạn san hô; Mức độ sâu 0 - 90 m (Ref. 9626), usually 0 - 35 m (Ref. 40849). Subtropical; 40°N - 30°S, 98°W - 28°W
Western Atlantic: Bermuda and New Jersey, USA to Santa Catarina, Brazil (Ref. 57756), including the Gulf of Mexico and throughout the Caribbean Sea (Ref. 9626).
Length at first maturity / Bộ gần gũi / Khối lượng (Trọng lượng) / Age
Chín muồi sinh dục: Lm 18.0 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 30.0 cm TL con đực/không giới tính; (Ref. 7251); common length : 22.0 cm TL con đực/không giới tính; (Ref. 3792)
Các tia vây lưng cứng (tổng cộng) : 8 - 9; Các vây lưng mềm (tổng cộng) : 8. A series of three large blackish blotches on upper side of body beneath dorsal fins; color variable but usually pale, the scales of the back with reddish or yellowish brown edges and a central pale blue spot; diagonal light blue lines on head. Capable of displaying a pattern of large red blotches on head and body in less than a minute (Ref. 13442).
Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal.
Inhabits shallow waters to depths of 90 m (Ref. 9626), especially over sand and rock bottoms in reef areas. Young juveniles often found on beds of seagrass, e.g. Thalassia. Feeds on small invertebrates (Ref. 9626). Flesh highly esteemed; marketed fresh and frozen (Ref. 3792). Traded as an aquarium fish at Ceará, Brazil (Ref. 49392).
Spawnng may either be in pairs or in small groups (Ref. 240).
Cervigón, F., 1993. Los peces marinos de Venezuela. Volume 2. Fundación Científica Los Roques, Caracas,Venezuela. 497 p. (Ref. 9626)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
Threat to humans
Reports of ciguatera poisoning (Ref. 30303)
Human uses
Các nghề cá: Tính thương mại; Bể nuôi cá: Tính thương mại
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Tài liệu tham khảo
123201): 22.8 - 28, mean 26.4 °C (based on 680 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Tài liệu tham khảo
82804): PD
50 = 0.6250 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01072 (0.00942 - 0.01219), b=3.10 (3.06 - 3.14), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Mức dinh dưỡng (Tài liệu tham khảo
69278): 3.7 ±0.2 se; based on diet studies.
Thích nghi nhanh (Tài liệu tham khảo
120179): Trung bình, thời gian nhân đôi của chủng quần tối thiểu là 1.4 - 4.4 năm (K=0.2-0.7;).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (35 of 100).
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Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 31.8 [14.4, 70.0] mg/100g; Iron = 0.495 [0.234, 0.896] mg/100g; Protein = 19.3 [17.5, 21.1] %; Omega3 = 0.259 [0.147, 0.488] g/100g; Selenium = 15 [7, 29] μg/100g; VitaminA = 72.6 [22.5, 282.5] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.77 [0.47, 1.18] mg/100g (wet weight);
