Elasmobranchii (hajar och rockor) (sharks and rays) >
Myliobatiformes (Stingrays) >
Potamotrygonidae (River stingrays) > Styracurinae
Etymology: Styracura: From Greek στυραξ (= (styrax), meaning "spine at the butt end of a spear" (Brown, 1954), and
ουρα (=oura) meaning tail, a suffix commonly used since Müller & Henle (1837) for whiptailed stingrays; referring to its greatly elongated caudal stings; schmardae: Named for Ludwig Karl Schmarda (23 August 1819-7 April 1908), zoologist, explorer and founder of the zoological museum of the University of Graz, and later professor in the Zoological Institute of the University of Vienna (1861-1883) (Ref. 112396).
Eponymy: Dr Ludwig Karl Schmarda (1819–1908) was an Austrian physician, naturalist and traveller. [...] (Ref. 128868), visit book page.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / djupintervall / distribution range
Ekologi
marina bottenlevande. Tropical
Western Central Atlantic: Gulf of Campeche and the West Indies to Suriname (Ref. 3168); including Brazil (Ref. 53430). Validity of this species questioned in Compagno's 1999 checklist (Ref. 35766).
Size / Vikt / Age
Könsmognad: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 200 cm WD hane/ej könsbestämd; (Ref. 5217); common length : 100.0 cm WD hane/ej könsbestämd; (Ref. 5217)
Disc ovate, broadly rounded. Tails with blunt tubercles. Upper surface dark brown, sooty olive. Edges of disc darker. Lower surface of disc and pelvic fins yellowish or cream white. Teeth little darker than lower surface (Ref. 6902).
Body shape (shape guide): other.
Found on sandy bottoms, occasionally near coral reefs (Ref. 12951). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Marketed salted; also used in the preparation of gelatin and oil.
Life cycle and mating behavior
Könsmognad | Reproduktion | Lek | Ägg | Fecundity | Larver
Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref. 205). Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref. 205).
Stehmann, M., J.D. McEachran and R. Vergara R., 1978. Dasyatidae. In W. Fischer (ed.) FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Western Central Atlantic (Fishing Area 31). Vol. 1. [pag. var.]. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 3168)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
Human uses
Fiskeri: mindre kommeriell
Verktyg
Special reports
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 26.6 - 28.1, mean 27.5 °C (based on 146 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.7500 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01000 (0.00244 - 0.04107), b=3.04 (2.81 - 3.27), in cm total length, based on all LWR estimates for this body shape (Ref.
93245).
Trofisk nivå (Ref.
69278): 3.2 ±0.4 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
Resiliens (Ref.
120179): Låg, lägsta populationsfördubblingstid 4,5-14 år (Assuming fecundity<100).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (90 of 100).
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Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 13.6 [2.0, 252.8] mg/100g; Iron = 0.646 [0.057, 7.729] mg/100g; Protein = 20.6 [18.1, 23.2] %; Omega3 = 0.11 [0.03, 0.33] g/100g; Selenium = 53.9 [11.2, 288.5] μg/100g; VitaminA = 5.07 [0.40, 53.26] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.633 [0.037, 7.414] mg/100g (wet weight);
