Environment: milieu / climate zone / djupintervall / distribution range
Ekologi
marina; sötvatten; brackvatten pelagic-neritic. Subtropical; 27°S - 35°S
Southeast Atlantic: restricted from Lüderitz, Namibia to northern Natal, South Africa.
Length at first maturity / Size / Vikt / Age
Könsmognad: Lm 4.0 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 11.0 cm SL hane/ej könsbestämd; (Ref. 7248)
Taggstrålar i ryggfenan (totalt) : 6 - 9; Mjukstrålar i ryggfenan (totalt) : 11 - 15; Taggstrålar i analfenan: 1; Mjukstrålar i analfenan: 15 - 18. Body silvery and translucent with a midlateral band; dusky upper surface (Ref. 4125).
Body shape (shape guide): elongated.
Forms schools along the coast and in estuaries, especially during spring (Ref. 3302). Also found in coastal lakes (Ref. 7248). Small individuals filter out small organisms such as phytoplankton and rotifers. Above 3.5 cm TL, it feeds mostly on crustaceans especially amphipods taken from the water column as well as off the bottom. Preyed upon by fishes and birds (Ref. 7248).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Könsmognad | Reproduktion | Lek | Ägg | Fecundity | Larver
Skelton, P.H., 1993. A complete guide to the freshwater fishes of southern Africa. Southern Book Publishers. 388 p. (Ref. 7248)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
Fiskeri: husbehovsfiske; bete: usually
Verktyg
Special reports
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 14.3 - 23.9, mean 19.5 °C (based on 14 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5312 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00794 (0.00438 - 0.01441), b=3.14 (2.98 - 3.30), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
Trofisk nivå (Ref.
69278): 3.4 ±0.46 se; based on food items.
Resiliens (Ref.
120179): Mellan, lägsta populationsfördubblingstid 1,4-4,4 år (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (10 of 100).
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