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Teleostei >
Cichliformes (Cichlids, convict blennies)
鱸形目 (Cichlids, convict blennies) >
Cichlidae (Cichlids)
慈鯛科魚類 (Cichlids) > Pseudocrenilabrinae
Etymology: Sarotherodon: Greek, saros, -ou = sawdust + Greek, ther = animal * Greek, odous = teeth (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Linnaeus.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
; 淡水; 半鹹淡水 居於水底的; 河川洄游 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 5 - ? m (Ref. 28714). 亞熱帶的; 22°C - 28°C (Ref. 2059); 35°N - 15°S
Africa and Eurasia: Jordan system, especially in lakes; coastal rivers of Israel; Nile system, including the delta lakes and Lake Albert and Turkana; in West Africa in the Senegal, Gambia, Casamance, Géba, Konkouré, Sassandra, Bandama, Comoé, Niger, Volta, Tano, Lake Bosumtwi, Mono, Ouémé, Ogun, Cross, Benue, Logone, Shari and Lake Chad; Draa (Morocco), Adrar (Mauritania); Saharian oases Borku, Ennedi and Tibesti in northern Chad; Sanaga and Nyong basins in Cameroon (Ref. 4999). In the Congo basin, Sarotherodon galilaeus boulengeri is known from the lower and middle Congo River from Matadi to Pool Malebo (=Stanley Pool) and the lower Kasai (Ref. 2) and Lukenie (Ref. 55074) while Sarotherodon galilaeus galilaeus is present in the middle Congo River basin, in the middle Congo River and drainages of the Ubangi, Uele (Ref. 2, 55074), Itimbiri (Ref. 2, 55074, 106290), Aruwimi (Ref. 106290) and Lomami (Ref. 106245). Sarotherodon galilaeus is also reported from the Luilaka River (Ruki drainage, middle Congo River basin) (Ref. 93897). Five subspecies are recognized: Sarotherodon galilaeus borkuanus, Sarotherodon galilaeus boulengeri, Sarotherodon galilaeus galilaeus, Sarotherodon galilaeus multifasciatus, Sarotherodon galilaeus sanagaensis.
非洲與歐亞大陸: Jordan 系統, 尤其在湖中; 以色列的沿海的河川; 尼羅河系統, 包括三角州湖與湖艾伯特湖與 Turkana; Jebel 瑪拉, 查德流域 w/Shari 河; 中央的剛果河流域， Ubanghi 與偉萊河河，湖 Kotto ，尼日， Ogun ，佛塔河， Corubal ，甘比亞，卡薩芒斯與塞內加爾河， Draa(摩洛哥) ， Adrar(茅利塔尼亞). 在湖 Ejagham 中的族群, 喀麥隆是易受傷害的.(參考文獻 12255) Sarotherodon galilaeus ejagham nom。 provis。 被歸類為易受傷害的 D 2 在這 2004 IUCN 受威脅種的紅色目錄中.(參考文獻 53964)
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 16.3, range 16 - ? cm
Max length : 39.5 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 57961); 最大體重: 1.6 kg (Ref. 2756)
背棘 (總數) : 14 - 17; 背的軟條 (總數) : 11 - 14; 臀棘: 3; 臀鰭軟條: 9 - 12; 脊椎骨: 27 - 31. Diagnosis: 20-27 rakers on lower limb of first arch; length of lower pharyngeal jaw < 43.5% of head length; 29-32 scales in lateral line series; toothed area of lower pharyngeal jaw broad > 2-3 times in keel length (Ref. 81260). Upper profile of snout straight or slightly arched (Ref. 53405). Head length 32.5-39.0% SL (Ref. 53405, 81260). 27-30 total dorsal-fin rays (average 28-29); body depth 43.0-56.5% SL (usually over 45%); length of pectoral fins 36.0-50.0% SL; interorbital space 36.0-44.0% HL (Ref. 53405). Caudal fin naked except at base; melanin patches only in occasional individuals, not populations; reproductive individuals greyish dorsally, silvery ventrally; margin of dorsal and caudal fins pinkish; pectoral usually extending to above vent or spinous anal fin; males with longer soft dorsal and anal fin-rays (Ref. 2).
有黑色的區塊只在偶然的個體而不是族群中, 與具有裸露的尾鰭除了在基底之外。 生殖的個體略灰色的背面, 銀色的腹地; 背鰭與尾鰭鰭的略帶桃色邊緣。 胸的通常延伸至排洩孔或刺狀的臀鰭上方。 雄性有較長的軟背鰭棘條與臀鰭棘條。
Has been known to occur at 9°C; occasionally form schools; territorial (Ref. 2). Adults prefer open waters but juveniles and breeding adults are found inshore (Ref. 4999). Often associated with beds of submerged vegetation in Sudd lakes; feed on algae and fine organic debris; bi-parental mouthbrooder (Ref. 28714). Lacks marked sexual dichromatism when sexually active; forms temporary pair bonds (Ref. 81260). Maximum size recorded at 41.0 cm TL (Ref. 2756).
曾經知道在 9 °C 出現.(參考文獻 2) 偶然地形成魚群; 領域性。 偏愛開放的水域，但是稚魚與繁殖成魚被發現沿海地區。 (參考文獻 4999) 在浮游植物堆湖中的水中植物的時常伴隨著床。 吃藻類與細的有機殘礫。 雙親的口孵者.(參考文獻 28714)
The initiative throughout courting and mating is taken predominantly by the female; female mainly responsible for the excavation of nest and defending mating territory. Pair-formation exists and is dissolved as soon as the eggs are in the parental mouth. Mouth brooding is reportedly biparental. 非洲與歐亞大陸: Jordan 系統, 尤其在湖中; 以色列的沿海的河川; 尼羅河系統, 包括三角州湖與湖艾伯特湖與 Turkana; Jebel 瑪拉, 查德流域 w/Shari 河; 中央的剛果河流域， Ubanghi 與偉萊河河，湖 Kotto ，尼日， Ogun ，佛塔河， Corubal ，甘比亞，卡薩芒斯與塞內加爾河， Draa(摩洛哥) ， Adrar(茅利塔尼亞). 在湖 Ejagham 中的族群, 喀麥隆是易受傷害的.(參考文獻 12255) Sarotherodon galilaeus ejagham nom。 provis。 被歸類為易受傷害的 D 2 在這 2004 IUCN 受威脅種的紅色目錄中.(參考文獻 53964)
Trewavas, E., 1983. Tilapiine fishes of the genera Sarotherodon, Oreochromis and Danakilia. British Mus. Nat. Hist., London, UK. 583 p. (Ref. 2)
人類使用
漁業: 商業性; 養殖: 商業性; 水族館: 商業性
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Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5001 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01778 (0.01393 - 0.02270), b=3.00 (2.93 - 3.07), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 2.0 ±0.00 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 2.1 (1.8 - 2.3) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 23
growth studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.22-0.5; tm=1.5-2; Fec > 1,000).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (26 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 107 [46, 211] mg/100g; Iron = 1.28 [0.55, 2.85] mg/100g; Protein = 18.7 [17.1, 20.3] %; Omega3 = 0.262 [0.143, 0.568] g/100g; Selenium = 23.9 [12.2, 50.2] μg/100g; VitaminA = 5.94 [1.45, 21.59] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.06 [0.72, 1.71] mg/100g (wet weight);
