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Cichliformes (Cichlids, convict blennies)
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Cichlidae (Cichlids)
麗魚科 (Cichlids) > Pseudocrenilabrinae
Etymology: Sarotherodon: Greek, saros, -ou = sawdust + Greek, ther = animal * Greek, odous = teeth (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Rüppell.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
海洋; 淡水; 半咸淡水 居于水底的; pH range: 7.0 - 8.0; dH range: 9 - 19; 深度上下限 0 - 3 m (Ref. 5723). 熱帶; 27°N - 14°S, 18°W - 31°E
Africa: Lagoons and estuaries from Mauritania to Cameroon. Introduced to several countries in Asia, USA and Europe (Ref. 21). At least one country reports adverse ecological impact after introduction. Previously, three subspecies were recognized: Sarotherodon melanotheron heudelotii, Sarotherodon melanotheron leonensis and Sarotherodon melanotheron melanotheron.
非洲: 從塞內加爾 (參考文獻 4537) 到喀麥隆南部的半淡鹹水。 引進了在亞洲，美國與歐洲的一些國家。 (參考文獻 21) 至少一個國家報告引入後的不利的生態衝擊。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm 12.1, range 13 - ? cm
Max length : 28.0 cm SL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 31256); common length : 17.5 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 12193)
背棘 (总数) : 15 - 17; 背的软条 (总数) : 10 - 12; 臀棘: 3; 臀鳍软条: 8 - 10; 脊椎骨: 26 - 28. Diagnosis: length of caudal peduncle 0.6-0.9 times in its depth (Ref. 53405). Melanic areas in adult usually present on lower parts of head, on cleithrum and on apices of caudal and soft dorsal fins; occasional irregular and asymmetrical spots on flanks probably representing vertical bars; median spot or transverse bar on nape rather constant (Ref. 2).
在成鱼的黑色的区域通常位于头部下半部之上, 在匙骨与尾部与软背鳍的顶点上; 在侧面上的偶然的不规则而不对称的斑点可能代表纵带; 在后颈上的一个中央的斑点或横跨的横带相当持续。
This species can tolerate high salinity (Ref. 5723). It occurs abundantly in mangrove areas and ventures in to both fresh, like lower reaches of streams (Ref. 5723) and salt waters in native and non-native ranges (Ref. 46816, 53405). In West Africa, this species is confined to brackish lagoons and estuaries, and is abundant in the mangrove zone (Ref. 2). Forms schools; is mainly nocturnal with intermittent daytime feeding. Feeds on aufwuchs and detritus (Ref. 2), as well as on bivalves and zooplankton (Ref. 28587). Feeding behaviour: picking up and swallowing "bites" (no gill rakers) (Ref. 55661).
主要河口。 丰富的在红树林区域中而且冒险尝试在对在原生与非原生的范围中的生鲜鱼肉和盐水域.(参考文献 46816) 形成鱼群; 对间歇的白天进食感到主要地夜行。 吃附着生物与碎屑 (参考文献 2), 以及二枚贝与浮游动物。 (参考文献 28587) 出现于溪流下游而且能容忍高的盐度.(参考文献 5723)
Spawns in shallow water close inshore. Initiative in courtship, pit digging and mating activities are taken by the female. Eventually a male is stimulated to react in a mainly passive manner and a pair-bond is established; sexual dimorphism minimal; no T-stand by the partners during fertilization. Exhibits mouth-brooding habit (Ref. 6298). Males exclusively incubate the eggs (Ref. 2, 6309).非洲: 從塞內加爾 (參考文獻 4537) 到喀麥隆南部的半淡鹹水。 引進了在亞洲，美國與歐洲的一些國家。 (參考文獻 21) 至少一個國家報告引入後的不利的生態衝擊。
Trewavas, E. and G.G. Teugels, 1991. Sarotherodon. p. 425-437. In J. Daget, J.-P. Gosse, G.G. Teugels and D.F.E. Thys van den Audenaerde (eds.) Check-list of the freshwater fishes of Africa (CLOFFA). ISNB, Brussels; MRAC, Tervuren; and ORSTOM, Paris. Vol. 4. (Ref. 4999)
人类利用
渔业: 商业性; 养殖: 商业性; 水族馆: 商业性
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Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5001 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01413 (0.00872 - 0.02289), b=2.99 (2.86 - 3.12), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 2.2 ±0.14 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 0.8 (0.5 - 2.8) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 13
growth studies.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增时间最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.16).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (16 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 318 [152, 673] mg/100g; Iron = 1.97 [0.87, 4.12] mg/100g; Protein = 18.4 [16.8, 20.0] %; Omega3 = 0.152 [0.073, 0.347] g/100g; Selenium = 39.5 [19.2, 87.8] μg/100g; VitaminA = 6.27 [1.55, 20.48] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.94 [1.22, 3.12] mg/100g (wet weight);
