Issue
Distribution of this species will be corrected.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / kisaran kedalaman / distribution range
Ekologi
laut dasar (demersal); kisaran kedalaman 1 - 40 m (Ref. 86942). Tropical; 36°N - 24°S, 48°E - 169°E
Indo-West Pacific: Indonesia (Java ) to central China, including Taiwan.
Size / Weight / umur
Kematangan: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 35.2 cm WD jantan/; (Ref. 111772); 54.5 cm WD (female)
This demersal species is found inshore and on continental shelf to at least 50 m depth. It feeds on small bony fishes and crustaceans (Ref. 11889, 114953). Max size may reach up to 85 cm WD (Ref. 47613). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Litters of only 1 pup (Ref. 114953).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Kematangan | Reproduksi, perkembang biakan | Pemijahan | telur-telur | Fecundity | Larva
Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref. 205).
Last, P.R. and L.J.V. Compagno, 1999. Dasyatididae. Stingrays. p. 1479-1505. In K.E. Carpenter and V.H. Niem (eds.) FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. Vol. 3. Batoid fishes, chimaeras and bony fishes part 1 (Elopidae to Linophrynidae). FAO, Rome. (Ref. 9840)
Status IUCN Red List (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
ancaman kepada manusia
Harmless
penggunaan manusia
Perikanan: nilai komersial kecil
Alat, peralatan
laporan khas
muat turun XML
Sumber internet
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Acuan
123201): 24.7 - 29.1, mean 28.2 °C (based on 1060 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Acuan
82804): PD
50 = 0.5005 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00389 (0.00283 - 0.00535), b=3.11 (3.02 - 3.20), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Acuan
69278): 4.5 ±0.80 se; based on food items.
Daya lenting (Acuan
120179): Rendah, Waktu penggandaan populasi minimum 4.5 - 14 tahun (Assuming fecundity<100).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (90 of 100).
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