分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 深度上下限 0 - 100 m (Ref. 106604). 熱帶; 41°N - 40°S, 80°W - 29°W
Western Atlantic: New Jersey, USA (Ref. 7251) to Santos, Brazil (Ref. 26340) and Argentina (Ref. 58839). Eastern Atlantic: St. Paul's Rocks (Ref. 13121).
西大西洋: 美國的紐澤西 (參考文獻 7251) 到巴西的桑托斯 (參考文獻 26340) 與阿根廷.(參考文獻 58839) 東大西洋: 聖保羅岩礁.(參考文獻 13121)
大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 230 cm WD 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 126011); 最大體重: 115.9 kg (Ref. 126011)
簡短描述
檢索表 | 型態特徵 | 形態測量圖
Cephalic fins smaller, tail longer without spine (Ref. 7251). Upper surface black (Ref. 6902).
頭部的鰭比較小的, 尾部較長沒有棘.(參考文獻 7251) 上表皮黑色.(參考文獻 6902)
Occurs in shallow coastal waters (Ref. 12951). Feeds mainly on planktonic crustaceans but may take small schooling fishes (Ref. 12951). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Found singly, in small groups, and in schools (Ref. 12951). Swimming at high speed and often leap high above the surface (Ref. 6902). Feeds mainly on planktonic crustaceans, but also on small schooling fishes (Ref. 114953). Meat used for food and a source of oil (Ref. 6902).
出現於沿岸淺水區。 (參考文獻 12951) 主要吃浮游性甲殼動物但是可能捕食小魚群.(參考文獻 12951) 卵胎生的.(參考文獻 50449) 各別地發現, 形成小群魚群, 與成群.(參考文獻 12951) 游泳速度很快與時常跳躍高於表面.(參考文獻 6902) 肉有優良的滋味。 (參考文獻 6902) 油的來源。
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | 繁殖 | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | 仔魚
Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). Copulation has been observed to be in a venter to venter position while the pair swims at the surface. Mating reported to last 10 minutes. Litter number 1 (Ref. 12951).西大西洋: 美國的紐澤西 (參考文獻 7251) 到巴西的桑托斯 (參考文獻 26340) 與阿根廷.(參考文獻 58839) 東大西洋: 聖保羅岩礁.(參考文獻 13121)
Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435)
瀕危 (EN) (A2cd+3d); Date assessed: 08 November 2018
人類使用
漁業: 低經濟
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 13.7 - 27.7, mean 23.2 °C (based on 232 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5005 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01000 (0.00244 - 0.04107), b=3.04 (2.81 - 3.27), in cm total length, based on all LWR estimates for this body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.8 ±0.59 se; based on food items.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 非常低的, 最小族群倍增時間超過14 年 (Fec=1).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (85 of 100).
