分類 / Names
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Teleostei >
Cypriniformes (Carps)
鯉形目 (Carps) >
Cyprinidae (Minnows or carps)
鯉科 (Minnows or carps) > Cyprininae
Etymology: Carassius: Latinization of , karass, karausche, European crucian carp (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Linnaeus.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
; 淡水; 半鹹淡水 居於水底的; 河川洄游 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 5 - ? m (Ref. 2163). 溫帶; 2°C - 22°C (Ref. 1672); 69°N - 35°N, 10°W - 169°E
Eurasia: North, Baltic, White, Barents, Black and Caspian Sea basins; Aegean Sea basin only in Maritza drainage; eastward to Kolyma drainage (Siberia); westward to Rhine and eastern drainages of England. Absent from North Sea basin in Sweden and Norway. In Baltic basin north to about 66°N. Widely introduced to Italy, England and France but possibly often confused with Carassius gibelio (Ref. 59043). At least one country reports adverse ecological impact after introduction.
歐亞大陸: 西班牙橫越歐洲與中北亞到中國北方。 歐洲的魚動物相的一個建立良好要素。 至少一個國家報告引入後的不利的生態衝擊。
大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 64.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 6114); common length : 15.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 556); 最大體重: 3.0 kg (Ref. 556); 最大年齡: 10 年 (Ref. 59043)
背棘 (總數) : 3 - 4; 背的軟條 (總數) : 13 - 22; 臀棘: 2 - 3; 臀鰭軟條: 5 - 7; 脊椎骨: 32. Diagnosed from its congeners in Europe by having the following characters: body golden-green shining color; last simple anal and dorsal rays weakly serrated; 23-33 gill rakers; lateral line with 31-36 scales; free edge of dorsal convex; anal fin usually with 6½ branched rays; and peritoneum white (Ref. 59043). Caudal fin with 18-20 rays (Ref. 2196). No barbels. The third dorsal and anal-fin rays are strong and serrated posteriorly.
尾鰭有 18-20個鰭條。 (參考文獻 2196) 沒有觸鬚。 第三個背鰭與臀鰭-鰭條在後部地是強的與鋸齒狀的。
Adults occur in shallow ponds, lakes rich in vegetation and slow moving rivers. They burrow in mud in the dry season or during winter (Ref. 2163). Usually restricted to densely vegetated backwaters and oxbows of lowland rivers. Can survive at high temperatures and at very low oxygen concentrations during summer and under ice cover (Ref. 59043). Tolerates cold, organic pollutants, and low oxygen levels in the water (Ref. 30578). Feeds all day but mainly at night on plankton, benthic invertebrates, plant materials and detritus. Usually does not occur in waters with rich ichthyofauna and abundant predatory species, but very abundant in the absence of other fish species. Spawns in dense submerged vegetation (Ref. 59043). Marketed fresh and frozen; eaten fried, broiled and baked (Ref. 9988). Live up to about 10 years. There is a gradual but continuing extirpation in many water bodies, especially in Danube drainage and central Europe, possibly to due competition with introduced Carassius gibelio in non-optimal habitats (Ref. 59043).
出現於水淺的池塘,湖豐富的在植物與緩慢移動的河。 穴居在泥中乾季時或在冬天期間.(參考文獻 2163) 在水容忍寒冷，有機的污染物質與低溶氧量。 吃植物, 昆蟲幼生與浮游生物.(參考文獻 30578) 在市場上銷售生鮮和冷凍; 油炸後食用, 火烤.而且燒烤.。 (參考文獻 9988) 時常與 C. gibelio 互相混淆。 (參考文獻 59043)
Females spawn multiple times during the spawning period (Ref. 88808). Reproduction in May-June in shallow water with dense vegetation, eggs 130000-250000/female adhere to plants, hatch after 4-8 days (Ref. 2163). Individual female spawn with several males. Males follow ripe females, often with much splashing. Eggs are sticky and are attached to water plants (Ref. 59043).歐亞大陸: 西班牙橫越歐洲與中北亞到中國北方。 歐洲的魚動物相的一個建立良好要素。 至少一個國家報告引入後的不利的生態衝擊。
Kottelat, M. and J. Freyhof, 2007. Handbook of European freshwater fishes. Publications Kottelat, Cornol and Freyhof, Berlin. 646 pp. (Ref. 59043)
人類使用
漁業: 高經濟性; 養殖: 商業性; 游釣魚種: 是的; 水族館: 商業性; 誘餌: occasionally
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Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5156 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01259 (0.01030 - 0.01538), b=3.02 (2.97 - 3.07), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.1 ±0.24 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 3.7 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (tm=2).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (39 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 62.5 [31.5, 123.0] mg/100g; Iron = 0.784 [0.377, 1.500] mg/100g; Protein = 18 [17, 19] %; Omega3 = 0.677 [0.337, 1.373] g/100g; Selenium = 10.7 [4.8, 22.1] μg/100g; VitaminA = 17.6 [5.6, 57.2] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.557 [0.379, 0.821] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
