Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ekologi
marina batypelagisk; djupintervall 100 - 600 m (Ref. 57911), usually 100 - 200 m (Ref. 47377). Deep-water; 48°N - 35°S, 56°W - 98°W (Ref. 57911)
Western Atlantic: Nova Scotia, Canada to Florida, USA and around Gulf of Mexico; along coasts of Central America and South America to Brazil, and Uruguay (Ref. 47377).
Size / Vikt / Age
Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 24.0 cm TL hane/ej könsbestämd; (Ref. 57911); common length : 15.0 cm TL hane/ej könsbestämd; (Ref. 5217)
Scales lacks tiny spines. Swim bladder not silvery (Ref. 7251). Six gill rakers on lower arm of first gill arch (Ref. 37473).
Found on soft bottoms.
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | Reproduktion | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Larver
Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
Fiskeri: av potentiellt intresse
Verktyg
Special reports
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 16.4 - 24.3, mean 18.8 °C (based on 43 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5001 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00417 (0.00229 - 0.00760), b=3.15 (2.99 - 3.31), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
Trofisk nivå (Ref.
69278): 3.3 ±0.4 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
Resiliens (Ref.
120179): Mellan, lägsta populationsfördubblingstid 1,4-4,4 år (Assuming tmax>3).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (14 of 100).