Environment: milieu / climate zone / نطاق العمق / distribution range
البيئة
بحري مرتبطة بالشعاب; نطاق العمق 1 - 61 m (Ref. 2850). Subtropical; 37°N - 10°N, 123°W - 85°W
Eastern Central Pacific: Monterey in California, USA to Mexico, including the Gulf of California. Also reported in Nicaragua (Ref. 13613).
Length at first maturity / الحجم / وزن / العمر
النضج: Lm ?, range 9 - ? cm
Max length : 60.0 cm TL ذكر/ مختلط الجنس; (Ref. 26550); أعلا وزن تم نشرة: 900.00 g (Ref. 40637); العمر: 20 سنين (Ref. 56049)
Usually found on sand or mud bottom near rocks and eelgrass, from the coast to a depth of 60 m. A secretive species, it feeds on small fishes and benthic crustaceans during the day (Ref. 9342). Capable of tolerating ample fluctuations of temperature (from 7.5 to 32°C) and survive extreme cold intervals (Ref. 9342). Pelagic spawners (Ref. 56049). Important game fish caught in bays and harbors (Ref. 9342). Minimum depth range based on occurrence (Ref. 79604).
Life cycle and mating behavior
النضج | التكاثر | وضع البيض | بيض | الخصوبة | Larvae
Pelagic spawner (Ref. 56049). Protogyny (Ref. 32126) as proposed has been corrected by a more detailed study on several species which confirmed this species and all of the members of the genus to be gonochoristic (Ref. 103751).
Eschmeyer, W.N., E.S. Herald and H. Hammann, 1983. A field guide to Pacific coast fishes of North America. Boston (MA, USA): Houghton Mifflin Company. xii+336 p. (Ref. 2850)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
استخدامات بشرية
مصائد: غير ذات اهمية; لعبة سمكه: نعم
أدوات
تقارير خاصة
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مصادر علي الأنترنت
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (مرجع
123201): 18.1 - 26.8, mean 22.3 °C (based on 42 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (مرجع
82804): PD
50 = 0.5020 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01288 (0.00813 - 0.02041), b=3.00 (2.87 - 3.13), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
مستوى غذائي (مرجع
69278): 4.1 ±0.56 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 3.7 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
المرونه (مرجع
120179): وسيط, الحد الزمني الأدني لتضاعف عدد أفراد المجتمع 1.4-4.4 سنة (tm=1.5; tmax=20; K=0.296).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (37 of 100).
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Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 20.5 [11.6, 42.9] mg/100g; Iron = 0.556 [0.279, 0.979] mg/100g; Protein = 19.4 [17.5, 21.0] %; Omega3 = 0.224 [0.132, 0.376] g/100g; Selenium = 16.4 [8.6, 32.5] μg/100g; VitaminA = 73.5 [24.6, 256.6] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.566 [0.368, 0.879] mg/100g (wet weight);
