Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ökologie
seewasser; brackwasser demersal; tiefenbereich 1 - 20 m (Ref. 36453). Tropical; 30°N - 44°S, 98°W - 26°W
Western Atlantic: Florida, USA and northern Gulf of Mexico to northern Argentina.
Length at first maturity / Size / Gewicht / Alter
Maturity: Lm 11.1 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 33.1 cm TL Männchen/unbestimmt; (Ref. 80009); common length : 17.0 cm TL Männchen/unbestimmt; (Ref. 5217); max. veröff. Gewicht: 29.50 g (Ref. 118626)
Rückenflossenstacheln (insgesamt) : 0; Rückenflossenweichstrahlen (insgesamt) : 52 - 58; Afterflossenstacheln: 0; Afterflossenweichstrahlen: 39 - 44.
Adults occur mainly in brackish or hyper-saline lagoons (Ref. 5217), on sandy-muddy bottoms of estuaries and in the littoral zone where it hides itself leaving just its eyes out. Can easily disguise itself in the environment. Feed on worms, crustaceans and small fishes. Juveniles have a brief planktonic life, moving quickly to the benthic stage. Growth rate is relatively slow (Ref. 35237).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | Fortpflanzung | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Larven
Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251)
IUCN Rote Liste Status (Ref. 130435)
Bedrohung für Menschen
Harmless
Nutzung durch Menschen
Fischereien: kommerziell; Aquarium: Kommerziell
Tools
Zusatzinformationen
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Internet Quellen
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 22.5 - 28.1, mean 27.2 °C (based on 937 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5020 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01230 (0.01024 - 0.01478), b=3.14 (3.09 - 3.19), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 3.5 ±0.4 se; based on diet studies.
Widerstandsfähigkeit (Ref.
120179): mittel, Verdopplung der Population dauert 1,4 - 4,4 Jahre. (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (23 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 53.8 [21.4, 115.3] mg/100g; Iron = 0.512 [0.236, 0.922] mg/100g; Protein = 18.5 [17.1, 20.0] %; Omega3 = 0.0771 [, ] g/100g; Selenium = 25.4 [13.0, 52.9] μg/100g; VitaminA = 59.2 [15.1, 241.9] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.22 [0.79, 1.79] mg/100g (wet weight);
