分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Teleostei >
Eupercaria/misc (Various families in series Eupercaria)
鱸形目 (Various families in series Eupercaria) >
Sciaenidae (Drums or croakers)
石首魚科 (Drums or croakers)
Etymology: Leiostomus: Greek, leios = smooth + Greek,stoma = mouth (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Lacepède.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 半鹹淡水 居於水底的; 海洋洄游的 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 ? - 60 m (Ref. 10325). 亞熱帶的; 43°N - 19°N
Western Atlantic: Massachusetts to northern Mexico; absent in southern Florida.
西大西洋: 麻薩諸塞州到墨西哥北部; 不存在於佛羅里達南部。
大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 36.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 7251); common length : 25.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 3702); 最大體重: 450.00 g (Ref. 40637); 最大年齡: 4 年 (Ref. 12193)
Found usually over sandy or muddy bottoms in coastal waters to about 60 m depth. Occurs in nursery and feeding grounds in river estuaries during summer and fall. Juveniles often stay in the estuarine waters throughout the year. Feeds mainly on worms, small crustaceans and organic detritus. A small specimen of this species was caught in Tokyo Bay, Japan, probably brought in with the ballast water of a ship (Ref. 10325).
在沿岸水域中通常發現在沙底或泥底上到大約 60 公尺深。 夏天與秋天時在河口中出現於育幼與覓食場。 稚魚時常停留在河口的水域中全年度。 主要吃蠕蟲，小型甲殼動物與有機的碎屑。 這種的一種小的標本於東京灣，日本捕獲, 可能和船的壓艙水引進。 (參考文獻 10325)
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | 繁殖 | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | 仔魚
西大西洋: 麻薩諸塞州到墨西哥北部; 不存在於佛羅里達南部。
Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251)
人類使用
漁業: 商業性; 誘餌: occasionally
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 13.2 - 26.7, mean 24 °C (based on 314 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 1.0000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00912 (0.00583 - 0.01426), b=3.10 (2.97 - 3.23), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.2 ±0.1 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 2.6 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 2
growth studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 高度, 族群倍增時間少於 15個月 (K=0.4; tmax=4).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (29 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Moderate to high vulnerability (47 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 101 [57, 196] mg/100g; Iron = 1.09 [0.59, 1.91] mg/100g; Protein = 19.6 [18.6, 20.7] %; Omega3 = 0.351 [0.207, 0.560] g/100g; Selenium = 23.2 [12.9, 43.0] μg/100g; VitaminA = 11.7 [4.5, 36.0] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.981 [0.723, 1.462] mg/100g (wet weight);
