Environment: milieu / climate zone / distribuzione batimetrica / distribution range
Ecologia
marino benthopelagico; oceanodromo (Ref. 51243); distribuzione batimetrica 10 - 476 m (Ref. 39327), usually 10 - 100 m (Ref. 2700). Subtropical
Circumglobal: tropical to temperate seas.
Size / Peso / Age
Maturità: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 61.0 cm TL maschio/sesso non determinato; (Ref. 2850); peso massimo pubblicato: 3.2 kg (Ref. 40637)
Spine dorsali (totale) : 0; Raggi dorsali molli (totale) : 13 - 16; Spine anali: 0; Raggi anali molli: 11 - 13. Adults dark green, brownish grey, or blue above, white below; juveniles with about 9 bars on back, from eye to dorsal fin; dark spots on front and middle of belly and on side near pectoral base in specimens less than 33 cm (Ref. 4919).
Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal.
Primarily an oceanic (Ref. 2850, 2683), pelagic species but may enter estuaries (Ref. 4919). Feeds on crustaceans and squids (Ref. 10001). Suspected responsible for fatal poisoning (Ref. 4919). Should not be eaten (Ref. 36731).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturità | Riproduzione | Deposizione | Uova | Fecundity | Larve
Schneider, W., 1990. FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Field guide to the commercial marine resources of the Gulf of Guinea. Prepared and published with the support of the FAO Regional Office for Africa. Rome: FAO. 268 p. (Ref. 2683)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
Human uses
Pesca: commerciale; Pesce da pesca sportiva: si
Strumenti
Special reports
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Fonti Internet
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Fonte Biblio.
123201): 14 - 28.9, mean 26.1 °C (based on 5858 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Fonte Biblio.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5005 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01096 (0.00602 - 0.01998), b=2.91 (2.75 - 3.07), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Fonte Biblio.
69278): 3.7 ±0.40 se; based on food items.
Resilienza (Fonte Biblio.
120179): Medio, tempo minimo di raddoppiamento della popolazione 1.4 - 4.4 anni (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (44 of 100).
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Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 41 [14, 94] mg/100g; Iron = 0.904 [0.498, 2.058] mg/100g; Protein = 18 [16, 20] %; Omega3 = 0.406 [0.186, 0.815] g/100g; Selenium = 44.2 [23.0, 98.9] μg/100g; VitaminA = 22 [8, 61] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.628 [0.430, 0.889] mg/100g (wet weight);
