Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
بوم شناسي
دريايي موجوداتی که در محدوده وسیعی از آبهای آزاد از نزدیک بستر و یا روی کف بستر، در قسمت های میان آبی تا سطح آب و در برخی گونه ها با قابلیت پرواز، زندگی و تغذیه می کنند.; تغييرات عمق 50 - 480 m (Ref. 33352), usually 50 - 250 m (Ref. 10985). Subtropical; 61°N - 51°S, 99°E - 149°E
Circumglobal in tropical and temperate seas.
Size / Weight / سن
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 40.5 cm SL جنس نر / بدون خواص جنسي; (Ref. 26350); common length : 26.0 cm TL جنس نر / بدون خواص جنسي; (Ref. 47377)
خارهاي باله پشتي (کل) : 0; شعاع نرم باله پشتي (کل) : 7 - 9; خارهاي باله مخرجي: 0; شعاع نرم باله مخرجي: 8 - 9. Body without prickles (Ref. 559). Brownish above, white below; occasionally with dark spots on flanks (Ref. 4919). Tip of or all lower ray of the caudal white.
Inhabit sandy, muddy and rocky bottoms (Ref. 2683). Young are pelagic (Ref. 7251). Feed mainly on squid. In southeast Brazil captured between 50 and 145 m (Ref. 47377).
Life cycle and mating behavior
بلوغ | تولید مثل | تخم ریزی | تخم ها | Fecundity | توزاد ( لارو)
Schneider, W., 1990. FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Field guide to the commercial marine resources of the Gulf of Guinea. Prepared and published with the support of the FAO Regional Office for Africa. Rome: FAO. 268 p. (Ref. 2683)
وضعيت در فهرست قرمز IUCN (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-2)
استفاده انسانی
ماهي گيري – شيلات: تجاري
ابزارها
گزارش های ويژه
بارگيری XML
منابع اينترنتي
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 11.9 - 27.5, mean 19.4 °C (based on 1869 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.02692 (0.01716 - 0.04221), b=2.84 (2.71 - 2.97), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 4.2 ±0.73 se; based on food items.
جهندگی (Ref.
120179): متوسط, كمينه زمان لازم براي دو برابر شدن جمعيت 4/1 – 4/4 سال (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (39 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 45.3 [18.9, 120.5] mg/100g; Iron = 0.907 [0.404, 2.246] mg/100g; Protein = 17.7 [15.4, 19.9] %; Omega3 = 0.351 [0.170, 0.724] g/100g; Selenium = 41.8 [17.4, 103.1] μg/100g; VitaminA = 20 [5, 85] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.535 [0.350, 0.845] mg/100g (wet weight);
