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Teleostei >
Mulliformes (Goatfishes) >
Mullidae (Goatfishes)
Etymology: Parupeneus: Latin, parum, parvum = small + Peneus, the name of a river.
More on author: Lacepède.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
海洋 礁区鱼类; 深度上下限 0 - 100 m (Ref. 90102). 热带; 34°N - 34°S, 22°E - 134°W
Indo-Pacific: Gulf of Aden and Oman, south on the east coast of Africa to Mossel Bay, South Africa, east to the islands of Micronesia, Line Islands, Marquesas Islands, and Tuamotu Archipelago; and from southern Japan to Australia and New Caledonia.
印度-太平洋: 亚丁湾与阿曼, 在非洲东岸上的向南方到南非的 Mossel 海湾, 东至密克罗尼西亚，列岛群岛，马可萨斯群岛与 Tuamotu 列岛的岛屿; 而且从日本南部到澳洲与新加勒多尼亚。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm 19.2, range 13 - ? cm
Max length : 60.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 9710); common length : 30.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 30573)
背棘 (总数) : 8; 背的软条 (总数) : 9; 臀棘: 1; 臀鳍软条: 7. This species is distinguished by the following characters: pectoral rays 16-18 (usually 17); gill rakers 6-7 + 20-25 = 26-31; body moderately elongate, depth 3.3-3.7 in SL; head length (HL) 2.6-3.0 in SL; snout length 1.45-2.1 in HL (relatively longer with growth); barbel length 1.4-1.6 in HL; longest dorsal spine 1.15-1.75 in HL (longer with growth); penultimate dorsal soft ray about equal to last ray in young, 1.2 in last ray in large adults; pectoral fins 1.5-1.75 in HL; pelvic fins 1.35-1.6 in HL. Colour of body whitish with a dark brown to black stripe (red on fish in deeper water) from upper lip through eye to below posterior part of second dorsal fin or anteriorly on upper caudal peduncle; body above stripe yellow or yellowish gray; body below whitish, scale edges narrowly gray to brownish red; a black or red spot larger than eye at the midbase of caudal fin; some large adults with centers of scales below dark stripe pale blue, the edges yellow or with yellow spots, especially posteriorly; peritoneum dark brown (Ref. 54393).
鉴别: 胸鳍鳍条 16-18.(通常 17) 鳃耙 6-7+20-25.(总数 26-31) 身体中等细长且纵深的 3.3-3.7 分之一标准体长; 头长 (HL)2.6-3.0 分之一标准体长; 吻的长度 1.45-2.1个 HL比率;(吻相对较长的随着成长) 触须长度 1.4-1.6个 HL比率; 长的背棘 1.15-1.75个 HL比率;(较长的，成长) 倒数第二的背部软鳍条大约等于最后的鳍条当幼鱼时, 1.2 在大的成鱼中的最后鳍条中; 胸鳍 1.5-1.75 HL比率; 腹鳍 1.35-1.6 HL比率。 身體微白色的具有來自上嘴唇的一條深褐色的到黑色的斑紋 (紅色的在魚上在深水中) 在上尾部的梗上在第二背鰭鰭的較後面的部分之下或前面地經過眼睛到; 在斑紋上面的身體黃色或黃灰色的; 身體在微白色的之下, 鱗片邊緣狹窄灰色到紅褐色的; 黑色或紅色的斑點在尾鰭的基部中央的大於眼; 一些在深色的斑紋之下大的成魚有鱗片中央藍灰色, 邊緣黃色或者有黃色斑點, 尤其在後部; 腹膜深褐色的.(參考文獻 54393)
One of the most abundant species of Parupeneus (Ref. 37816). Adults, solitary or in small groups inhabit large sand patches as well as sand and rubble areas of reef flats, and lagoon and seaward reefs to a depth of about 100 m. Juveniles usually in small groups, often mixed with other species in sparse seagrass habitats (Ref. 48636). Adults forage on sand-dwelling invertebrates like polychaete worms and crustaceans. Feeding is diurnal; from 19 adult specimens for food-habit study, the prey in order by volume in the stomachs: crabs (portunid, anomuran, xanthid, and raninid), worms (mainly polychaetes but also sipunculids and unidentified), small bivalve molluscs, brachiopods, shrimps, small gastropods, isopods, amphipods, foraminifera, and a small unidentified eel (Ref. 54393). Individuals from Palau and eastern Carolines often have a yellow band immediately above the broad black band extending behind the eye (Ref. 37816). Minimum depth reported taken from Ref. 128797.
Parupeneus 的最丰富种之一.(参考文献 37816) 栖息于大的沙子区块以及礁石平台的沙子与碎石区 , 与舄湖与临海礁石到深度大约 100 公尺。 猎食栖息于砂中的无脊椎动物例如多毛类的蠕虫与甲壳动物。 进食是日行性; 从 19件成鱼标本作为食用鱼-习惯研究, 猎物井然有序地借着腹部的体积: 螃蟹 (梭子蟹， anomuran ，扇蟹与 raninid) ，蠕虫 (主要多毛类也星虫与未确认的) ，小的双壳贝软件动物，腕足类动物，虾，小的腹足动物，等足目动物，片脚类动物，有孔蟲 , 與一條小的未確認的鰻魚.(參考文獻 54393) 來自帛琉與加羅林群島東部的個體時常在延伸到眼後面的寬的黑色條紋之上緊鄰有一個黃色的條紋。 (參考文獻 37816) 成魚獨居性或形成小群魚群。 稚魚通常形成小群魚群, 時常在稀疏的海草棲息地混和著其他的種.(參考文獻 48636)
Mature individuals migrate shoreward to spawn and feed (Ref. 7002). Some immature Individuals with size ranging from 16.1 to 22.5 cm FL from this study are bisexual, however, this species is classified as a functional gonochore (Ref. 125700).印度-太平洋: 亚丁湾与阿曼, 在非洲东岸上的向南方到南非的 Mossel 海湾, 东至密克罗尼西亚，列岛群岛，马可萨斯群岛与 Tuamotu 列岛的岛屿; 而且从日本南部到澳洲与新加勒多尼亚。
Randall, J.E., 2004. Revision of the goatfish genus Parupeneus (Perciformes: Mullidae), with descriptions of two new species. Indo-Pac. Fish. (36):64 p. (Ref. 54393)
人类利用
渔业: 商业性; 游钓鱼种: 是的; 水族馆: 商业性
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 24.6 - 29, mean 27.9 °C (based on 1480 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01148 (0.00925 - 0.01425), b=3.09 (3.06 - 3.12), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 3.4 ±0.38 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 5.3 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 2
growth studies.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增时间最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.21-0.22).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (40 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 22 [12, 48] mg/100g; Iron = 0.268 [0.136, 0.587] mg/100g; Protein = 17.8 [14.5, 20.9] %; Omega3 = 0.114 [0.066, 0.208] g/100g; Selenium = 66.7 [33.1, 142.6] μg/100g; VitaminA = 158 [31, 651] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.487 [0.293, 0.925] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
