分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Teleostei >
Perciformes/Percoidei (Perchs)
鱸形目 (Perchs) >
Percidae (Perches)
鱸科 (Perches) > Percinae
Etymology: Gymnocephalus: Greek, gymnos = naked + Greek, kephale = head (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Linnaeus.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
; 淡水 居於水底的; pH range: 7.0 - 7.5; dH range: 10 - 15. 溫帶; 4°C - 18°C (Ref. 2059); 49°N - 43°N, 8°E - 30°E
Europe: Danube drainage.
歐洲: 多瑙河系統， Kamchiya 河。 在伯恩公約的附錄 3 中 (受保育的動物群).
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 14.0, range 12 - 16 cm
Max length : 30.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 556); common length : 15.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 556); 最大體重: 250.00 g (Ref. 556); 最大年齡: 15 年 (Ref. 59043)
背棘 (總數) : 17 - 19. Distinguished from its congeners by having unique characters of 3 discontinuous dark stripes along flank and 55-62 + 4-5 scales along lateral line. Differs further from other species of the genus by having 17-19 dorsal spines (Ref. 59043).
Adults occur in groups in open sand and mud bottom of large rivers with moderate current. Nocturnal, feeding on small invertebrates, especially molluscs, usually crepuscular but may also feed at daytime. Larvae are benthic (Ref. 59043).
棲息於多瑙河的較深部分, 在沙與碎石之上。 吃蠕蟲，片腳類動物，昆蟲幼生與魚卵。 從四月到五月產卵。 卵在石頭, 等等。上被在寬的地帶附上
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | 繁殖 | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | 仔魚
Eggs are attached to stones by females (Ref. 59043).歐洲: 多瑙河系統， Kamchiya 河。 在伯恩公約的附錄 3 中 (受保育的動物群).
Kottelat, M. and J. Freyhof, 2007. Handbook of European freshwater fishes. Publications Kottelat, Cornol and Freyhof, Berlin. 646 pp. (Ref. 59043)
人類使用
漁業: 沒有興趣; 游釣魚種: 是的; 誘餌: usually
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Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5312 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01072 (0.00476 - 0.02414), b=3.05 (2.86 - 3.24), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.4 ±0.43 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 5.5 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增時間4.5 - 14 年 (tm=2-3; tmax=15).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (42 of 100).
