Environment: milieu / climate zone / ລະດັບຄວາມເລິກ / distribution range
ນິເວດວິທະຍາ
ສັດທະເລ; ນ້ຳຈືດ; ນ້ຳກ່ອຍ ກ່ຽວກັບ (ຢູ່)ເທິງຊັ້ນພື້ນດິນໃນທະເລເປີດ; ປາທີ່ມີການເຄື່ອນຍ້າຍຈາກທະເລ ແລະ ໄປໄຂ່ຢູ່ນ້ຳຈືດ. Temperate
Arctic Ocean basin, from Ponoi (Kola Peninsula, White Sea basin) eastward to Anadyr (Siberia), Yukon (Alaska) and Mackenzie (Canada) drainages.
Length at first maturity / ຂະໜາດ / ນ້ຳໜັກ / Age
ການຈະເລີນເຕັມໄວ: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 150 cm SL ຕົວຜູ້/ບໍ່ມີເພດ; (Ref. 59043)
Found in the pelagic zone at the sea with salinity up to 20 ppt. Inhabits large lowland and piedmont rivers and lakes. Prefers cold water with temperatures below 16° C. Forages and overwinters in lower reaches of large rives, deltas, estuaries and sea, sometimes far from coast. Anadromous or semi-anadromous, living in some rivers and landlocked in some lakes. Undertakes migration to spawn in rivers, moving upstream for long distances, up to uppermost reaches in European rivers. Populations in the lake migrate into tributaries. Juveniles prey on mysids, insect larvae and fry, shifting exclusively to piscivory at about 30 cm SL. Actively feeds on all available fishes. Spawning takes place over shallow waters with sand-gravel bottom and 2-3 m depth (Ref. 59043).
Spawning usually takes place only 1-2 times during life, rarely 3, usually every 2-3 years (Ref. 59043).
Kottelat, M. and J. Freyhof, 2007. Handbook of European freshwater fishes. Publications Kottelat, Cornol and Freyhof, Berlin. 646 pp. (Ref. 59043)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
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ແຫຼ່ງອີນເຕີເນັດ
Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (ເອກະສານອ້າງອີງ
82804): PD
50 = 0.7500 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00457 (0.00194 - 0.01077), b=3.13 (2.92 - 3.34), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245).
ຊັ້ນເຂດຮ້ອນ (ເອກະສານອ້າງອີງ
69278): 3.6 ±0.3 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
Generation time: 20.5 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
ຄວາມຢືດຢຸ່ນ (ເອກະສານອ້າງອີງ
120179): ຕຳ່, ປະຊາກອນຕຳ່ສຸດທີ່ໃຊ້ເວລາສອງເທົ່າ 4.5 - 14 ປີ (tm=4-16).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (90 of 100).
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