Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Οικολογία
Θαλασσινό(ά) Υφαλόφιλο(α); μη μεταναστευτικό(ά); εύρος βάθους 5 - 147 m (Ref. 90102). Tropical; 22°N - 20°S, 104°E - 172°E
Indo-West Pacific: Philippines, Indonesia, New Guinea, northeastern Australia (Cape York to northern Great Barrier Reef) Belau, Truk, Caroline Islands, Marshall Islands, and the Solomon Islands. Reported from Malaysia (Ref. 5756).
Length at first maturity / Μέγεθος / Βάρος / Age
Maturity: Lm ?, range 42 - ? cm
Max length : 75.0 cm TL αρσενικό/απροσδιόριστο; (Ref. 5222); μεγ. δημοσιευμένο βάρος: 1.2 kg (Ref. 40637)
Ραχιαίες άκανθες (συνολικά) : 7 - 8; Μαλακές ραχιαίες ακτίνες (συνολικά) : 10 - 12; Εδρικές άκανθες: 3; Μαλακές εδρικές ακτίνες: 8.
Inhabits drop-offs and steep channel slopes (Ref. 9710). Very little has been published on its biology. Reported to forage in groups of two or three for rock- and sand living crustaceans and fishes. Rare in most areas (Ref. 9710). In the Hong Kong live fish markets (Ref. 27253).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | Αναπαραγωγή | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Προνύμφες
Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall, 1993. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)
Threat to humans
Reports of ciguatera poisoning (Ref. 5222)
Human uses
αλιεία: περιορισμένης εμπορικότητας
Εργαλεία
Special reports
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Διαδικτυακές πηγές
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 26.6 - 29.3, mean 28.7 °C (based on 1890 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5078 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01023 (0.00643 - 0.01629), b=3.03 (2.90 - 3.16), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
Τροφικό Επίπεδο (Ref.
69278): 4.0 ±0.66 se; based on food items.
Ελαστικότητα (Ref.
120179): Χαμηλό, ελάχιστος χρόνος για διπλασιασμό πληθυσμού 4,5 - 14 έτη (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (50 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 33.3 [19.4, 63.3] mg/100g; Iron = 0.563 [0.294, 0.941] mg/100g; Protein = 19 [17, 21] %; Omega3 = 0.162 [0.105, 0.257] g/100g; Selenium = 53.9 [31.7, 98.6] μg/100g; VitaminA = 42.2 [14.7, 134.2] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.813 [0.559, 1.195] mg/100g (wet weight);
