Issue
Mullus barbatus barbatus Linnaeus, 1758 and Mullus barbatus ponticus Essipov, 1927 (restricted to Black and Azov Seas) are constantly recognized as subspecies rank, including in Eschmeyer's CofF (ver. Nov. 2020). Related information is found under the "Stocks" link in the species summary page / More info.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / Mức độ sâu / distribution range
Sinh thái học
Biển gần đáy; Mức độ sâu 10 - 328 m (Ref. 56504), usually 100 - 300 m (Ref. 35388). Subtropical; 58°N - 14°N, 32°W - 42°E
Eastern Atlantic: Norway, British Isles (occasionally Scandinavia) to Dakar, Senegal, Canary Islands, Mediterranean, including Azores and Madeira.
Length at first maturity / Bộ gần gũi / Khối lượng (Trọng lượng) / Age
Chín muồi sinh dục: Lm 11.5, range 10 - ? cm
Max length : 38.2 cm TL con đực/không giới tính; (Ref. 88921); common length : 20.0 cm SL con đực/không giới tính; (Ref. 4845); Khối lượng cực đại được công bố: 680.00 g (Ref. 88921)
Found on gravel, sand and mud bottoms of the continental shelf. Depth range from 10-300 m (Ref. 07313) and up to depth of 328 in the eastern Ionian Sea (Ref. 56504). Feeds on small benthic crustaceans, worms and mollusks (Ref. 4845). Marketed mainly fresh (Ref. 9987).
Ben-Tuvia, A., 1990. Mullidae. p. 827-829. In J.C. Quero, J.C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post and L. Saldanha (eds.) Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). JNICT, Lisbon; SEI, Paris; and UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 2. (Ref. 7313)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Tài liệu tham khảo
123201): 13.1 - 15.9, mean 14.2 °C (based on 119 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Tài liệu tham khảo
82804): PD
50 = 0.5312 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00871 (0.00796 - 0.00953), b=3.09 (3.06 - 3.12), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Mức dinh dưỡng (Tài liệu tham khảo
69278): 3.1 ±0.1 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 3.2 (2.7 - 4.1) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 51
growth studies.
Thích nghi nhanh (Tài liệu tham khảo
120179): thấp, thời gian nhân đôi của chủng quần tối thiểu là 4.5 - 14 năm (K=0.11-0.5; tmax=11; tm=1-2).
Prior r = 0.68, 95% CL = 0.45 - 1.02, Based on 27 full stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (32 of 100).
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Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Low vulnerability (13 of 100).
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Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 80.2 [44.6, 166.7] mg/100g; Iron = 0.473 [0.187, 1.774] mg/100g; Protein = 19 [18, 20] %; Omega3 = 0.783 [0.501, 1.241] g/100g; Selenium = 23.5 [11.0, 50.9] μg/100g; VitaminA = 13.5 [4.5, 47.1] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.249 [0.163, 0.554] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
