分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Elasmobranchii
板鰓亞綱 (鯊魚與魟魚) (sharks and rays) >
Torpediniformes (Electric rays)
電鰩目 (Electric rays) >
Torpedinidae (Electric rays)
電 (Electric rays)
Etymology: Torpedo: Latin, torpere = be sluggish (Ref. 45335).
Issue
Torpedo zugmayeri Engelhardt, 1912 could be a valid species after Weigmann (2016; Ref. 106604) (valid in ECoF, v. Jan. 2021).
Environment: milieu / climate zone / 深度上下限 / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 半鹹淡水 礁區魚類; 深度上下限 1 - 200 m (Ref. 9710). 熱帶; 30°N - 31°S, 30°E - 72°E (Ref. 114953)
Western Indian Ocean: Persian Gulf (Ref. 80050), Red Sea eastward to India (Ref. 2712) and southward to Natal, South Africa (Ref. 5578).
西印度洋: 紅海向東至印度 (參考文獻 2712) 而且向南至南非的納塔爾。 (參考文獻 5578)
大小 / 重量 / 年齡
成熟度: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 130 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 2712)
簡短描述
檢索表 | 型態特徵 | 形態測量圖
Large ray with a small caudal fin and with papillae around the spiracles (Ref. 5578). Bright color pattern of circles and irregular marks, cream or golden on dark red or brown to blackish background dorsally (Ref. 5578).
Body shape (shape guide): other.
大型魟魚具有一個小的尾鰭與和乳突呼吸孔的周圍.(參考文獻 5578) 圓圈與不規則的標誌明亮彩色斑紋, 乳黃色或金色在暗紅色或褐色到黑色的背景上背面.(參考文獻 5578)
Found inshore in sandy bottoms, and well offshore from the surf zone down to 200 m (Ref. 5578). Also on or near coral reefs (Ref. 12951, Ref. 114953). Common in shallow sandy areas (Ref. 2712). Feeds on bony fishes (Ref. 12951) and benthic invertebrates (Ref. 114953). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Males mature by 30 cm TL (Ref. 114953). Occurs singly but may form groups during the breeding season (Ref. 12951). Occasionally hooked by anglers, more often seen by divers; can deliver a strong shock (Ref. 2712). Flesh is edible (Ref. 12484). Can survive for hours after being stranded on the beach (Ref. 41394).
在砂質底部中發現於岸邊了，而且相當外海從海浪區向下至 200 公尺。 (參考文獻 5578) 也之上或附近珊瑚礁。 (參考文獻 12951) 常見於水淺的沙地區域。 (參考文獻 2712) 吃硬骨魚類。 (參考文獻 12951) 卵胎生的.(參考文獻 50449) 各別地生存在繁殖季節的時候但是可能形成群.(參考文獻 12951) 偶然地被垂釣者釣獲了,更時常被潛水者看到; 能傳送一個強的驚嚇。 (參考文獻 2712) 肉是可食用的。 (參考文獻 12484) 在海灘上被擱淺之後能存活長達數小時之久。 (參考文獻 41394)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). With 9-22 in a litter (Ref. 12951). Form aggregations during the reproductive season (Ref. 41394).西印度洋: 紅海向東至印度 (參考文獻 2712) 而且向南至南非的納塔爾。 (參考文獻 5578)
Compagno, L.J.V., 1986. Torpedinidae. p. 112-113. In M.M. Smith and P.C. Heemstra (eds.) Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. (Ref. 2712)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
人類使用
漁業: bycatch; 游釣魚種: 是的
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特別的報告
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (參考文獻
123201): 21.8 - 28.3, mean 25.5 °C (based on 370 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (參考文獻
82804): PD
50 = 0.5005 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01585 (0.00965 - 0.02604), b=3.00 (2.86 - 3.14), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (參考文獻
69278): 4.5 ±0.80 se; based on food items.
回復力 (參考文獻
120179): 非常低的, 最小族群倍增時間超過14 年 (Fec=9-22).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (78 of 100).
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