Squalus acanthias, Piked dogfish : fisheries, gamefish

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Squalus acanthias Linnaeus, 1758

Piked dogfish
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Squalus acanthias   AquaMaps   Data sources: GBIF OBIS
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Image of Squalus acanthias (Piked dogfish)
Squalus acanthias
Изображение сделано Murch, A.


Canada territory information

Common names: Aiguillat commun, Aiguillat commun, Pacific dogfish
Occurrence: native
Salinity: brackish
Abundance: | Ref:
Importance: minor commercial | Ref: FAO, 1994
Aquaculture: | Ref:
Regulations: | Ref:
Uses: gamefish: yes;
Comments: Newfoundland (Ref. 6885), southward to Nova Scotia (Ref. 5951). Has been used exploited in the country as a source of oil, fish meal, and vitamin A (Ref. 6885). Also Ref. 247, 120663. S. suckleyi in Ref. 95107. Reports from the Pacific coasts (British Columbia) refer actually to the resurrected Squalus suckleyi (Girard, 1855) (Ref. 85328). Misidentification in Ref. 247 (northern Pacific population), 95107, 95148.
National Checklist:
Territory Information: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/ca.html
National Fisheries Authority: http://www.ncr.dfo.ca/home_e.htm
Occurrences: Occurrences Point map
Main Ref: Scott, W.B. and M.G. Scott, 1988
National Database:

Common names from other countries

Классификация / Имена народные названия | синонимы | Catalog of Fishes(род, виды) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa

Пластиножаберные (акулы и скаты) (sharks and rays) > Squaliformes (Sleeper and dogfish sharks) > Squalidae (Dogfish sharks)
Etymology: Squalus: Genus name from Latin 'squalus' meaning shark (Ref. 6885, 27436)acanthias: Genus name from the Latin 'squalus' meaning shark; species name from the Greek 'akanthias' referring to the spines (Ref. 6885, 27436).
More on author: Linnaeus.

Taxonomic Remarks
Squalus suckleyi (Girard, 1855) has been resurected by Ebert et al. (2010: Ref. 85328) in the North Pacific where it replaces Squalus acanthias Linnaeus, 1758.

Окружающая среда: среда / климатическая зона / пределы глубины / диапазон распространения экология

морской; солоноватоводный батидемерсальный; мигрирует в океане (Ref. 138310); пределы глубины 0 - 1978 m (Ref. 125614), usually 50 - 300 m (Ref. 43939). Temperate; 7°C - 15°C (Ref. 247); 78°N - 57°S, 82°W - 171°W (Ref. 247)

распространение Территории | регионы FAO | Экосистемы | места находок | карта точек | интродукции | Faunafri

Circumglobal (boreal and temperate); except in the North Pacific (Ref. 119696), where all records refer to Squalus suckleyi (Girard, 1855) (Ref. 85328).

Длина при первой зрелости / Размер / Вес / Возраст

половая зрелость: Lm 80.9, range 69 - 100 cm
Max length : 160 cm TL самец/пол неопределен; (Ref. 119696); 122.0 cm (female); common length : 100.0 cm TL самец/пол неопределен; (Ref. ); наибольший вес (опубликованные данные): 9.1 kg (Ref. 11389); наибольший возраст (опубликованны данные): 75 годы (Ref. 39247)

Краткое описание определительные ключи | морфология | морфометрия

колючие лучи спинного плавника (общее число) : 2; колючие лучи анального плавника: 0; позвонки: 101 - 109. This moderately sized species is distinguished by the following set of characters: very slender body, abdomen width 7.2-9.2% TL; narrow head, width at mouth 7.9-10.2% TL; mouth width 1.7-2.2 times its horizontal prenarial length; moderately long snout, preoral length 2.2-2.5 times horizontal prenarial length, 8.5-9.8% TL; single-lobed anterior nasal flap; small dorsal fins, raked, first dorsal-fin height 1.1-1.3 times its inner margin length, second dorsal-fin height 0.7-0.9 times its inner margin length; origin of first dorsal-fin located just posterior to pectoral-fin free rear tips; exposed bases of dorsal-fin spines relatively narrow, 0.4-0.7% TL; short spine of first dorsal fin, exposed length 1.7-2.7% TL; pectoral-fin anterior margin 1.9-3.1 times its inner margin length; preventral caudal margin 1.9-2.6 times inner margin of pelvic fin; pale caudal fin with poorly demarcated, whitish margin, blackish caudal blotch at the apex of upper lobe, anterior margins of both lobes whitish in juveniles; dark caudal bar absent; dorsal and lateral surfaces of body bluish grey with an irregular array of moderately-large white spots; whitish ventrally; flank denticles tricuspid; monospondylous centra 41-45, precaudal centra 74-79, total centra 100-105 (Ref. 58446).
Body shape (shape guide): elongated; Cross section: compressed.

биология     глоссарий (например epibenthic)

Possibly the most abundant living shark (Ref. 247). A demersal, inshore and offshore dogfish of the continental and insular shelf and upper slopes (Ref. 247, 11230, 119696). Usually near the bottom, but also in midwater and at the surface (Ref. 26346). Adults occur mainly between 10-200 m depth (Ref. 247). Males and gravid females usually found shallower than non-gravid females. They tolerate brackish water, often found in enclosed bays and estuaries. Reported to enter freshwater (Ref. 11980) but cannot survive there for more than a few hours (Ref. 247). Highly migratory species, used to be observed in large foraging schools with up to thousands of individuals, usually segregated by size and /or sex, with schools of large gravid females preferentially targeted by fisheries. Their latitudinal (north-south) and depth-related (nearshore-offshore) movements appear to be correlated with their preferred temperature (Ref. 247). Tagging experiments showed that populations in the northern North Sea and northwest Scotland made winter migrations to off Norway and summer migrations to Scotland (Ref. 88880, 88881). Transoceanic migrations recorded, but rare (Ref. 88864). Longevity in the northern Atlantic is about 35-50 years (Ref. 88882), but most live only 20-24 years (Ref. 88187). Growth is slow. At sexual maturity, males are 60-70 cm long, females 75-90 cm (Ref. 35388). Gestation period is 2 years (Ref. 36731). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 205). Feeds on a diversity of prey, ranging from comb jellyfish, squid, mackarel and herring to a wide array of benthic fishes, shrimps, crabs and even sea cucumbers (Ref. 93252). The only species of horned sharks that can inflict toxins with its tail. Detects weak electric fields generated by potential prey (Ref. 10311). Utilized for human consumption, liver oil, vitamins, sand paper, leather, fertilizer, etc. (Ref. 247, 27436). Eaten fried, broiled, and baked (Ref. 9988).

Жизненный цикл и брачное поведение половая зрелость | размножение | нерест | икра | Плодовитость | личинки

Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref. 205). Ovoviviparous, with litters of 1 to 21 young (Ref. 247, 88865). Mating probably occurs in winter. Gestation period of 18 to 24 months, longest known of all chondrichthyans (Ref. 26346). Size at birth 18-30 cm (Ref. 26346). In the northeast Atlantic, pups are born in winter, with size at birth about 26-28 cm (Ref. 88864). Sex ratio at birth is 1:1. Gravid females congregate in enclosed shallow bays to give birth (Ref. 247). The mother shark experiences a series of rhythmic contractions, just like in mammals, and the young are delivered head first. Larger older females have bigger litters with larger pups; a female with 100 cm TL carries on average 4 times as many embryos compared to a 70 cm female and the former have higher survival rates than those born to small females (Ref. 4856, 88869, 88883).

Основная ссылка Загрузите свои рекомендации | ссылки | координатор : Compagno, Leonard J.V. | соавторы

Ebert, D.A., W.T. White, K.J. Goldman, L.J.V. Compagno, T.S. Daly-Engel and R.D. Ward, 2010. Resurrection and redescription of Squalus suckleyi (Girard, 1854) from the North Pacific, with comments on the Squalus acanthias subgroup (Squaliformes: Squalidae). Zootaxa 2612:22-40. (Ref. 85328)

Статус Красного Списка МСОП (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))

  Уязвимые (VU) (A2bd); Date assessed: 21 November 2019

CITES

Not Evaluated

Угроза для людей

  Venomous (Ref. 4690)





Использование человеком

рыболовство: коммерческий; объект спортивного рыболовства: да

дополнительная информация

Жизненный цикл
размножение
половая зрелость
Зрелость/Жиры относительно.
Плодовитость
нерест
Нерестовые скопления
икра
Развитие икры
личинки
динамика численности личинок
распространение
Территории
регионы FAO
Экосистемы
места находок
интродукции
BRUVS - Видео
Анатомия
жаберная область
Мозг
Отолит
Физиология
Состав тела
Питательные вещества
Потребление кислорода
Тип плавания
Скорость плавания
Зрительные пигменты
Звук рыбы
Болезни и паразиты
Токсичность (LC50s)
генетика
Геном
генетика
Гетерозиготность
наследуемость
Связанные с человеком
Системы аквакультуры
особенности рыбоводства
степень растяжения
Случаи заболевания сигуатерой
Марки, монеты и прочее.
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Оценки, основанные на моделях

Предпочтительная температура (ссылка 123201): 4.2 - 18.7, mean 9.9 °C (based on 4651 cells).
Индекс филогенетического разнообразия (ссылка 82804):  PD50 = 0.5000   [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00288 (0.00247 - 0.00336), b=3.07 (3.03 - 3.11), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245).
Трофический уровень (ссылка 69278):  4.4   ±0.4 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 12.2 (8.7 - 15.7) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 22 growth studies.
устойчивость к внешним воздействиям (ссылка 120179):  очень низкий, минимальное время удвоения популяции более 14 лет (rm=0.034; K=0.03-0.07; tm=10-30; tmax=75; Fec=1).
Prior r = 0.07, 95% CL = 0.05 - 0.10, Based on 10 full stock assessments.
Уязвимость рыбной ловли (Ref. 59153):  High vulnerability (64 of 100). 🛈
Климатическая уязвимость (Ref. 125649):  High vulnerability (62 of 100). 🛈
Категория цены (Ref. 80766):   Medium.
Питательные вещества (Ref. 124155):  Calcium = 7.1 [1.6, 32.4] mg/100g; Iron = 0.198 [0.051, 0.558] mg/100g; Protein = 18.2 [16.5, 19.6] %; Omega3 = 0.795 [0.344, 1.864] g/100g; Selenium = 18.2 [4.9, 54.0] μg/100g; VitaminA = 22.5 [8.1, 66.4] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.413 [0.203, 0.802] mg/100g (wet weight); based on nutrient studies.