Environment: milieu / climate zone / Mức độ sâu / distribution range
Sinh thái học
Biển; Thuộc về nước lợ Cùng sống ở rạn san hô; Ở đại duơng, biển; Mức độ sâu 0 - 5 m (Ref. 5227). Subtropical; 45°N - 40°S, 98°W - 32°W
Western Atlantic: south Florida (USA), through the Caribbean and along the coasts of Central and South America to Uruguay.
Length at first maturity / Bộ gần gũi / Khối lượng (Trọng lượng) / Age
Chín muồi sinh dục: Lm 18.9 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 29.5 cm TL con đực/không giới tính; (Ref. 132328); 31.0 cm TL (female); common length : 20.0 cm SL con đực/không giới tính; (Ref. 3723); Khối lượng cực đại được công bố: 93.00 g (Ref. 132328); Khối lượng cực đại được công bố: 93.00 g
Body elongate; lower jaw very prolonged; upper jaw short, triangular, and scaly; lower branch of first gill arch with 29 to 38 gill rakers; fins lacking spines; pectoral fins not very long; caudal fin emarginate or slightly forked; anal fin with 15 to 18 rays; back greenish, with 3 narrow, dark, bars; flanks and belly silvery white; fleshy border of lower jaw red; caudal fin light colored with dark tips (Ref. 55763).
Body shape (shape guide): elongated.
An inshore, surface-dwelling species forming sizeable schools, frequently entering estuaries (Ref. 3723). Uncommon over reefs (Ref. 9710). Omnivorous, feeds on algae and other small animals (Ref. 3723). Caught with 'mandinga' nets in Venezuela, often using lights (Ref. 3723). Edible but not really appreciated (Ref. 3723).
Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
Threat to humans
Reports of ciguatera poisoning (Ref. 30911)
Human uses
Các nghề cá: buôn bán nhỏ; mồi: usually
Các công cụ
Special reports
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Tài liệu tham khảo
123201): 22.9 - 28.1, mean 27.3 °C (based on 769 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Tài liệu tham khảo
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00234 (0.00180 - 0.00305), b=3.09 (3.03 - 3.15), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Mức dinh dưỡng (Tài liệu tham khảo
69278): 2.0 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 0.8 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
Thích nghi nhanh (Tài liệu tham khảo
120179): Chiêù cao, thời gian nhân đôi của chủng quần tối thiểu là dưới 15 tháng (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (15 of 100).
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Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 234 [47, 570] mg/100g; Iron = 1.01 [0.31, 3.13] mg/100g; Protein = 18.9 [15.8, 21.3] %; Omega3 = 0.156 [0.056, 0.474] g/100g; Selenium = 13.1 [4.2, 47.4] μg/100g; VitaminA = 47.8 [8.0, 301.1] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.65 [0.61, 4.77] mg/100g (wet weight);
