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Pleuronectiformes (Flatfishes) >
Pleuronectidae (Righteye flounders) > Pleuronectinae
Etymology: Hippoglossoides: Greek, ippos = horse + Greek, glossa = tongue + Suffix oides = similar to (Ref. 45335).
Environment: milieu / climate zone / εύρος βάθους / distribution range
Οικολογία
Θαλασσινό(ά) βενθικό(ς); ωκεανόδρομο(ς) (Ref. 51243); εύρος βάθους 10 - 3000 m (Ref. 58426), usually 90 - 250 m (Ref. 6263). Temperate; 80°N - 41°N, 72°W - 55°E
Western Atlantic: southern Labrador in Canada and western Greenland to Rhode Island in USA; Eastern Atlantic: off eastern Greenland and from the English Channel to the coast of Murmansk (Ref. 7251). Two subspecies were recognized, H. p. platessoides from northwestern Atlantic, and H. p. limandoides from the northeastern Atlantic (Ref. 51668).
Length at first maturity / Μέγεθος / Βάρος / Age
Γεννητική Ωρίμανση: Lm 35.0 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 82.6 cm TL αρσενικό/απροσδιόριστο; (Ref. 58426); μεγ. δημοσιευμένο βάρος: 6.4 kg (Ref. 7251); μεγ. αναφερόμενη ηλικία: 30 έτη (Ref. 6263)
Slender body and a large mouth. Dorsal fin starts above left eye. Lateral line almost straight. Rough scales (Ref. 35388).
Body shape (shape guide): short and / or deep.
Adults are most abundant from 90 m to 250 m deep and bottom temperatures of -0.5 to 2.5°C (Ref. 6263). Live on soft bottoms (Ref. 9988, 58426). Feed on invertebrates and small fishes. Batch spawner (Ref. 51486). Marketed fresh and frozen; eaten steamed, fried, microwaved and baked (Ref. 9988).
Cooper, J.A. and F. Chapleau, 1998. Monophyly and intrarelationships of the family Pleuronectidae (Pleuronectiformes), with a revised classification. Fish. Bull. 96(4):686-726. (Ref. 30193)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
αλιεία: πολύ εμπορικό; αλιεία αναψυχής: ναί
Εργαλεία
Special reports
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Διαδικτυακές πηγές
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Αναφ.
123201): 0.6 - 10.3, mean 5.6 °C (based on 824 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Αναφ.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5625 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00646 (0.00554 - 0.00753), b=3.06 (3.02 - 3.10), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Τροφικό Επίπεδο (Αναφ.
69278): 4.1 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 13.1 (8.8 - 14.5) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 12
growth studies.
Ελαστικότητα (Αναφ.
120179): Χαμηλό, ελάχιστος χρόνος για διπλασιασμό πληθυσμού 4,5 - 14 έτη (rm=0.43; K=0.06-0.12; tm=2-11; tmax=30; Fec=50,000).
Prior r = 0.19, 95% CL = 0.12 - 0.28, Based on 2 full stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High to very high vulnerability (66 of 100).
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Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Moderate to high vulnerability (46 of 100).
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Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 19.2 [7.5, 32.8] mg/100g; Iron = 0.214 [0.105, 0.410] mg/100g; Protein = 17.1 [15.7, 18.5] %; Omega3 = 0.407 [0.194, 0.867] g/100g; Selenium = 31.2 [15.1, 68.7] μg/100g; VitaminA = 8.07 [1.81, 36.72] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.336 [0.224, 0.512] mg/100g (wet weight);
