Ikan bertulang rawan (sharks and rays) > 
Torpediniformes (Electric rays) > 
Torpedinidae (Electric rays)						
							
							Etymology: Torpedo: Latin, torpere = be sluggish (Ref. 45335).
Eponymy: Eduard Suess (1831–1914) was an Austrian palaeontologist, geologist and malacologist. [...] (Ref. 128868), visit book page.
More on author: Steindachner.						
					 
			
			
			
			
				
					Environment: milieu / climate zone / kisaran kedalaman / distribution range					
						Ekologi					
				
				
				
					laut dasar (demersal). Tropical; 12°N - , 43°E -  (Ref. 114953)				
				 
			
			
			
				
				
				
					Western Indian Ocean:  known from the type locality, harbor of Perim, at Mocca (Mocho), Red Sea.
				
				
			
			
				
					Size / Weight / umur
				
				
				
					Kematangan: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm
 Max length : 23.2 cm TL jantan/; (Ref. 83892); 29.1 cm TL (female)				
				 
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
				Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Biology little known. Probably reaches ca. 40 cm TL; males mature before 23 cm TL (Ref. 114953).			
			 
			
			
			
				
					Life cycle and mating behavior					
					Kematangan | Reproduksi, perkembang biakan | Pemijahan | telur-telur | Fecundity | Larva				
				
				
				
				Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449).				
				 
			
			 
				
				
				
					de Carvalho, M.R., M.F.W. Stehmann and L.G. Manilo, 2002. Torpedo adenensis, a new species of electric ray from the Gulf of Aden, with comments on nominal species of Torpedo from the western Indian Ocean, Arabian Sea, and adjacent areas (Chondrichthyes: Torpediniformes: Torpedinidae). Am. Mus. Novit. 3369:1-34. (Ref. 83892)
				
				 
			
			
			
							
					
						Status IUCN Red List   (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
					
					
				 
					
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
				
					ancaman kepada manusia  
				
				
				
					  Harmless				
				
			 
			
			
			
			
				
					penggunaan manusia  				
				
				
									
				
				
			
			
						
			
			
			
				
Alat, peralatan
				
			
			
			
				
laporan khas
 
				
			
			
			
				
muat turun XML
				
			
			
			
				
					Sumber internet
				
				
			
			
			
				
					Estimates based on models				
				
				
				
				
				
					
					Phylogenetic diversity index  (Acuan 
82804):  PD
50 = 0.5005   [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].					
													Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01479 (0.00665 - 0.03288), b=2.96 (2.77 - 3.15), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref. 
93245).
					
					Trophic level  (Acuan 
69278):  4.1   ±0.7 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives					
											
				
				
										
						Daya lenting  (Acuan 
120179):  Rendah, Waktu penggandaan populasi minimum 4.5 - 14 tahun (Live bearer with low fecundity.).					
											
				
									
					Fishing Vulnerability  (Ref. 
59153):  Low vulnerability (19 of 100). 
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